Academic Review of An English Tradition? by Elizabeth Dillenburg
Jonathan Duke-Evans
Author of An English Tradition?
The History and Significance of Fair Play
After taking at least a decade to research and pen “An English Tradition” it’s a great honour to find adacemic reviews of my work.
Dr. Elizabeth Dillenberg is an Assistant Professor at The Ohio State University and specialises in the history of modern Europe with a particular focus on the history of Britain and the British Empire.
Review of "An English Tradition?" by Dr Elizabeth Dillenburg
The phrase “fair play” conjures up a range of images. One may think of playing fields, given the expression’s long association with sport, specifically cricket. Just this past summer, what constitutes fair play in cricket was debated by countless commentators and fans after the controversial dismissal of English batsman Jonny Bairstow by Australia during a match in the 2023 Ashes series.
Following criticisms that the dismissal violated the spirit of cricket, the Australian team’s captain Pat Cummins defended his team’s actions, asserting, “It was totally fair play” (Niumata, 2023). The phrase might also cause one to think of the political arena, given how often politicians, in the United Kingdom and beyond, invoke the idea. To give just one recent example, at the Conservative Party Conference in October 2023, UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak referenced the principle when reflecting on his grandparents’ decision to migrate to Britain: “They came here because our country stands for a set of values. We are the home of fair play, the best of British” (2023).
The notion of fair play is ubiquitous in contemporary discourses, but depending on its context, it can take on different connotations. What does fair play mean, and where does this idea come from? How did it become, as alluded to in Sunak’s speech, such a defining feature of Britishness? How can beliefs about fair play co-exist with blatant injustices in British history and society? These questions are at the heart of Jonathan Duke-Evans’s An English Tradition?: The History and Significance of Fair Play.
As indicated by the title, Duke-Evans examines the meanings, origins, and evolution of fair play. While such a study may appear straightforward on the surface, an analysis of the phrase is replete with challenges. Duke- Evans does not shy away from these difficulties and is honest about the complications and limitations posed by sources and judicious in the conclusions he draws from the existing evidence. Trained as a historian and having spent his career in the British civil service, Duke-Evans is uniquely positioned to undertake this examination. He notes in the preface that An English Tradition? has been at least a decade in the making, and his extensive reflection about, and inquiry into this topic , is evident in the book’s methodical research and nuanced analysis. An English Tradition? is about much more than the history of a phrase; it offers a wide-ranging exploration of British culture, history, and national identity.
The notion of fair play in Britain is often believed to have originated during the Napoleonic era, but Duke- Evans demonstrates that the phrase has a much longer lineage. The core of the book explores the history and development of the term. Duke-Evans shows that concepts of fair play extend back to the classical world. For instance, in Greece, rules-based systems for the Olympic Games and other sporting events were developed to ensure equitable conduct and opportunities for competitors. Duke-Evans is cautious in drawing an unbroken line between ancient ideas and later conceptions of fair play, but he argues that classical ideas nonetheless shaped notions of fair play in Britain, in part due to the influence of Greek and Latin upon elites in Britain through the twentieth century and also because they informed chivalric traditions. As Duke Evans argues, one only needs to look at Beowulf and Robin Hood with their themes of fighting on equal terms to see the resonances of these classical antecedents.
The ideal of fairness is evident in early medieval epics and legends, but the precise phrase of fair play first appears in an anonymous poem, Titas and Vespasian, in the mid-fourteenth century. Although it exists in other texts in the fifteenth century, it is not widely used until the sixteenth century. A sign of its growing prominence is William Shakespeare’s use of the term five times in his works, more than any other preceding writer.
In tracing the origins and usage of the phrase. Duke-Evans acknowledges the limitations of his source base of written texts, observing that fair play was likely discussed in conversation before it was written down and used more widely than reflected in written records. In the seventeenth century, references to fair play increased, and the concept was applied more broadly to structures and institutions, including the law.
Basic standards of fairness were increasingly viewed as a right owed to all English people under common law. While ideas of the right conduct remained central to fair play, Duke-Evans traces how class distinctions led to the development of two different strands of fair play: the popular strand, exemplified in the idea of a fair fight, and an upper-class strand, embodied by the figure of the gentleman and the pursuits of dueling, hunting, and horse racing. Over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, in what Duke-Evans labels “the great appropriation,” the elites commandeered popular games like cricket, boxing, football, tennis, and golf and enshrined ideas of fair play in their codes.
Fair play reached its apotheosis during the Edwardian age. Figures like Robert Baden-Powell placed the ethos of fair play at the centre of his Boy Scout Movement. Yet as much as this period marked the high point of the cult of fair play, there was also an increasing skepticism toward the idea. Especially following the catastrophe of the First World War. Britons increasingly questioned its relevance. By the mid-twentieth century, fair play was more closely tied to sport and less discussed by Britons. By the turn of the twenty-first century, the meaning of fair play shifted from a code of honour to more an expression of good will.
In chapter eleven, Duke-Evans turns his focus to one of the more difficult aspects of studying fair play: its paradoxes. How did a society that increasingly defined its identity around fair play square this ideal with the existence of structural class, racial, and gendered inequalities? Duke-Evans shows how marginalised groups—including the working classes and women—employed the concept in advocating for their rights. It is with the empire and slavery that the paradoxes of fair play are most prominent. Despite the obvious incongruities, apologists of the empire used ideas of fair play to justify colonial expansion and wars and credited colonists for bringing a sense of duty, honour, and comradeship to different parts of the empire. Like other marginalised groups, people throughout the empire used the rhetoric of fair play to articulate their need for independence and challenged the British to live up to their own standards of justice. While various groups were able to use notions of fair play to argue for greater rights, slavery reveals the limits of fair play. Abolition campaigners used pity rather than notions of equality in advocating for the end of slavery; fair play apparently did not apply to enslaved peoples.
Latter chapters in the book return to the question posed in the title, specifically “Is fair play an English tradition?” Writers like Daniel Defoe argued that fair play was a specifically English, rather than British, characteristic, and in chapter nine, Duke-Evans considers whether this distinction is warranted. Drawing upon evidence from chronicles, literature, and philosophy, he argues that the concept did exist in Scotland and therefore is more accurately a British, rather than simply English, trait.
In chapter twelve, he explores the extent to which fair play can be found in other cultures and traces analogous concepts in various parts of the world, including France, Russia, Japan, sub-Saharan Africa, Australia, and the United States. While there are commonalities, Duke-Evans contends that none of these concepts are exactly synonymous. One of the features that distinguishes the English tradition of fair play, especially from its French counterpart of the code of chivalry, is that it is not just the preserve of the elite. Duke-Evans argues that the greater permeability of class barriers in England means that fair play applied as much to the common people as the nobility. The centrality of the principle to Britain’s national self-image also makes it unique.
Given the breadth of topics covered, An English Tradition? will appeal to a wide range of readers, including those interested in literature, politics, sport and culture, and history. As Duke-Evans reflects in the conclusion, Britain—and the world—face many challenges in the twenty-first century, and in the face of these difficulties, the values of fair play are needed more than ever. Fair play has existed from centuries and is integral to the fabric of British culture. Although its significance may change over time, it is not likely to disappear anytime soon. The brief examples given at the beginning of the review show that fair play continues to be employed in a variety of contexts and appropriated for myriad purposes. Given its continued importance, fair play must be more fully interrogated and understood, and one can find no better foundation for studying this idea than An English Tradition?.
References
Niumata, F. 2023. “England regards Bairstow dismissal as against ‘the spirit’ of cricket; Australia says it’s fair play.” AP News. July 2, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/bairstow-england-ashes-7d593eb44a0b263a961d848e22399687
Sunak, R. 2023. “Full text: Rishi Sunak’s Tory conference speech.” The Spectator. October 4, 2023. https://wivw.speclator.co.uk/ article/full-text-rishi-sunaks-tory-conference-speech/
Elizabeth Dillenburg The Ohio State University at Newark
< 2024 Taylor & Francis Croup. LLC
https://doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2024.2312734